Flood vulnerability and risk assessment of historic urban areas: Vulnerability evaluation, derivation of depth‐damage curves and cost–benefit analysis of flood adaptation measures applied to the historic city centre of Tomar, Portugal

Around 45% of natural hazards reported worldwide are related to floods, and current indications show that exposure floods inherent losses will keep escalating. Historic centres particularly vulnerable in this context due the structural material characteristics buildings because they embrace social cultural values must be safeguarded. This article aims contribute research area by presenting discussing application an index-based methodology specifically tailored assess flood risk historic urban centres. The city centre Tomar, Portugal, encompasses over 500 has a rich history is used here as case study. Vulnerability data resulting from vulnerability assessment approach then combined with hazard—that is, water velocity depth obtained peaks estimated for 20- 100-year periods return—and identify at risk. Finally, set depth-damage curves derived carry out cost–benefit analysis different adaptation measures.